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Condenser (electret) microphone

A condenser (electret) microphone is a specific type of condenser microphone that uses a material with a permanent electrical charge, the so-called "electret", for its function. The basis of every condenser microphone is a condenser, consisting of a fixed back plate and a thin moving diaphragm. The sound waves vibrate the diaphragm, changing the distance between it and the fixed plate and thus the electrical capacitance of the capacitor. These capacitance changes are converted into an audio signal. In conventional condenser microphones, an external voltage must be applied to the plates to charge the condenser. An electret microphone eliminates this need because the electret material on one of the plates maintains a constant electrical charge on its own. However, this type of microphone still requires power, for its built-in preamplifier, which is needed to amplify the very weak signal from the capsule. This power supply is usually provided by a small battery inside the microphone or by phantom power from the device to which it is plugged. This technology makes it possible to produce microphones in very small sizes and at lower cost, which is the reason for their massive spread in devices such as mobile phones, laptops, headsets or small lapel microphones.

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