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ND filter

An ND filter, short for Neutral Density filter, is a photographic accessory placed in front of a camera lens. Its main function is to reduce the amount of light reaching the image sensor without affecting the color rendition of the image. It can be thought of as "sunglasses" for the lens. Reducing the light allows the photographer to use a longer exposure time, which is the duration the sensor is exposed to light, even on a bright day. This is utilized for creative effects, such as blurring the motion of water in waterfalls or clouds in the sky. The filter also allows for the use of a low aperture number, meaning a wider aperture, to achieve a shallow depth of field, where the background behind the subject is blurred. ND filters are produced in various degrees of darkening, which are indicated by numbers. The higher the number, the less light the filter transmits, and therefore they are often sold in kits containing filters of different intensities for use in various lighting situations.

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