They consist of two flat, ring-shaped discs that are mounted opposite each other. They have sharp teeth or blades on their inner sides, which take care of the actual grinding. The principle of grinding is that one stone is fixed and the other rotates. The coffee beans fall into the middle between the stones and are carried by centrifugal force to their outer edge. During this journey, the gap between the stones gradually narrows, crushing and grinding the beans into smaller and smaller particles until they are forced out at the outer edge at the desired coarseness. The grinding coarseness is adjusted by changing the distance between the two stones. Grinding on flat stones results in a very consistent and uniform grind. This means that most ground coffee particles are very similar in size and shape. Because of this uniformity, the water during extraction can act on all the coffee particles evenly, contributing to a balanced taste of the resulting beverage. This type of grinding is often used for espresso preparation, where precision and uniformity are crucial for proper extraction under high pressure.