The ND factor of a filter, often referred to as the ND number, determines the amount of darkening the filter delivers. Filters with a higher ND factor allow photographers to reduce the amount of light entering the lens without changing the aperture number or shutter speed. This is particularly useful in situations where the photographer needs to control movement in the scene, such as blurring water streams or clouds in the sky, or when they need to maintain a certain depth of field even in strong daylight.
Filter transmittance refers to the percentage of light that is able to pass through the filter. For ND filters and polarizing filters, this property is crucial because it determines how much light will be on the camera's sensor and how it will affect the overall exposure of the photo. Higher transmittance means more light and a brighter image, while lower transmittance leads to darker results. This is important for photographers who work in a variety of lighting conditions and need to maintain a consistent exposure.
EV, or exposure value, affect, is the amount by which the filter changes the exposure of the image. Higher EV filters allow the photographer to use a longer exposure or larger aperture to achieve the desired depth of field or motion effect. This exposure control is essential in situations where specific creative techniques are needed, such as long exposures in the daytime.
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